Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 945 Words

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public health issue in the African-American community of the United States since the 1980s (Shisana et al., 2014). The documentary â€Å"ENDGAME: AIDS in Black America† shows the widespread nature of HIV in the black community. According to Renata Simone, producer of the documentary, â€Å"African Americans make up about 12 percent of the nation’s population, but account for almost half of all people infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.† The documentary features personal stories and interviews with those who are infected with HIV. Simone attributed the spread of HIV/AIDS in the black community to unprotected sexual activity, drugs, tainted blood transfusions, prostitution, and the stigma surrounding the disease. According to the documentary, sexual activity is one of the primary ways to transmit HIV/AIDS. Vaginal, oral, or anal sexual intercourse with a person who has HIV/AIDS increases a person’s risk of contracting the disease greatly. The virus can enter a person’s body through bodily fluids. The documentary focused on Nel Davis, an individual who contracted HIV. Her husband did not tell her that he had HIV prior to marrying her, possibly out of fear that she would not want to be with him if she knew that he had HIV. This stigma is very dangerous and has resulted in the transmission of the disease to many individuals. Injectable drugs are responsible for approximately 10% of HIV cases annuallyShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large numberRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sharing needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

Black Psychology - 2214 Words

Divided Among two Different Views of the World: But this is my Story Michelle Williams Black Psychology Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Abstract: This is an autobiographical essay where I briefly analyzes and interpret significant and impactful events that has transpired over my last 20 years in my life from school to my community in Portland, Oregon. The objective of this essay is to connect concepts and the course objectives related to Black Psychology which I enrolled in at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) spring 2009 term. The outline for this essay is in a chronological age order starting from my birth in 1988 till my current experience at†¦show more content†¦The foundation of the Tag program continues and supports â€Å"White Supremacy†. The definition the European psychologist use to define intelligence which were examined on Caucasians only was: â€Å"(a) the repertoire of intellectual/cognitive skills and knowledge available to a person at any one period of time, or (b) the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and to dea l effectively with his/her environment† (Kambon,1998). The names of a couple of exams that exemplified that one was intelligent were: The Alfred Binet and the Binet Test, also known as Intelligence Quotient/ IQ, Charles Spearman with the GS Factor test, and a few others (Kambon, 1998). Robert L. Williams the second National Chairman/ President of American of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) (Kambon, 1998), developed a â€Å"Black â€Å"cultural specific† intelligence test which demonstrated that Blacks could perform superiority to Whites on such a Black cultural based test. The test was called Black Intelligence Test for Cultural Homogeneity† formally known as â€Å"BITCH’. His intelligence test showcased that African-American students were out performing whites by 30 to 50 points (Kambon, 1998). In relations to my acceptance to the TAG program I felt a sense of being privileged, superior, and connected to the white race in some sense. I belittled my peers wh o the Europeans and the test scored them as being underachievers. Through my actions I had continued on theShow MoreRelatedEdward Cecil Sumner : Father Of Black Psychology1241 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologist, he was called Father of Black Psychology. Despite the odds Francis Sumner faced, he did what many felt was impossible to do. Sumner not only did the unthinkable, but he proved that no matter who you are, what you are, or where you come from you decide your destiny. Sumner is known to many as the ‘Father of Black Psychology’. Sumner was born in a segregated community, didn’t have an education pass junior high, and was looked down upon because he was black. Francis Cecil Sumner was born onRead MoreFrancis Sumner s Father Of Black Psychology Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologist; he was called Father of Black Psychology. Despite the odds Francis Sumner faced, he did what many felt was impossible to do. Sumner not only did the unthinkable, but he proved that no matter whom you are, what you are, or where you come from you decide your destiny. Sumner is known to many as the ‘Father of Black Psychology’. Sumner was born in a segregated community, didn’t have an education pass junior high, and was looked down upon because he was black. Francis Cecil Sumner was born onRead MoreBlack Swan Psychology Review1700 Words   |  7 Pages Using Behavioral Therapy to Treat Borderline Personality Disorder The Black Swan is a psycho thriller film that narrates the demise of a young talented twenty-some year old ballerina named Nina Sayers. The story begins with the main character Nina anticipating her lead role as the Swan Queen in the upcoming new production of Swan Lake. This new version of Swan Lake as presented by the artistic director, Thomas Leroy, tells the story of a virginal girl that is trapped in the body of a White SwanRead MoreBehaviorism or Black Box Psychology Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea behind the behaviorist branch is that they believe that psychology is studied through observable behaviors. The behaviorists were the first to focus on more objective research as opposed to the subjective research like the previous leaders in psychology such as Titchener and Freud (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy, Woolf). Behaviorism or black box psychology opened the eyes of the psychology community by showing them that they should not just rely on the reports of others, but having data they couldRead MoreDr. Simons And Christopher F Chabris1087 Words   |  5 Pagesfocusing on something else. The concept rose from Harvard psychologists Daniel J Simons and Christopher F Chabris’ 1999 ‘Gorillas in our midst’ study. Their aim was to study the psychology of vision, doing so by creating four 75- seconds films involving two team of 3 players, one team wearing white tops and the other wearing black, moving around passing 2 balls continuously. Two conditions were used; after 44-48 s either a woman holding an umbrella would appear in the film or a woman in a gorilla costumeRead MoreThe Role Of Psychology And Social Change891 Words   |  4 Pages3- to 5-page paper that addresses the following: †¢ The role of psychology with regard to your social change or social justice topic †¢ An evaluation of the ethnic inequalities on the psychological well-being of the population(s) affected by your social change or social justice topic †¢ An analysis of any concerns regarding ethnic inequality as it pertains to your social change or social justice topic †¢ An analysis of the role of psychology in impacting historical biases and oppression and addressingRead MorePsychology Is Everywhere You Look957 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology is everywhere you look (Caldwell 2014). It can be found within TV shows, music, sports, and even society. The textbook, Exploring Psychology, begins to explore the social, cognitive, and emotional roots of prejudice within society (545). Prejudice has remained a huge obstacle throughout world history. With the recent murders of unarmed African American men, the aspect of police brutality begins to relate back to prejudice. According to Jesse Holland of the Associated Press, the recentRead MoreWhat Are Some Psychologists?1597 Words   |  7 Pagesact as critical evaluators and clarifiers of psychology s ideas and practices, and focus on the process of theorising itself, while other psychologists do not engage in theoretical research at all. Empirical facts are understood in the light of a specific t heory, and theory is built from a careful consideration of the facts. Indeed, theory and research are so intertwined that neither can exist without the other, and both are required to see psychology flourish (Sandin, 2006). While this is a generallyRead MoreGeneral Psychology Course At The University Of Massachusetts Lowell850 Words   |  4 PagesParticipants The study participants were enrolled in General Psychology courses at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. The participants were 121 men and women (90 males, 30 females, 1 declined to answer). All students were between the ages of 18 and 25. In addition, 2.5% (n=3) participants have not served on a jury while 97.5% (n=118) have not. Study participants received one research credit for their General Psychology course. All General Psychology students are required to earn 10 research credits duringRead MoreSocial Psychology : Psychology And Behavioral Psychology1170 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Psychology Professor: Dr. Monique Guiscard Answers to Homework #1 1-Social psychology is an approach that try to explain the way that people can be influenced by others in their â€Å"thinking, feelings, and in their behavior.† This influenced can happened by real or image presence of other people. 1A- Other major areas of study of are cognitive psychology and behavioral psychology this are the centrals. However, psychology has connections with social neuroscience, clinical psychology, positive

Operant Conditioning and Superstition free essay sample

There are several types of reinforcement’s positive and negative, which both t reinforcement are strengthen or weaken to shape behavior although the reinforcement is unknown and unlikely to happen. Moreover, a behavior that comes from a stimulus that behavior is than repeated in the future based on the strength of the reinforcement. However, if the behavior is not reinforced by a stimulus than that behavior is likely removed or less likely to occur also due to the strength and weakness of the reinforcement. What else do the historical antecedent says about operant conditioning, basically is states that behavioral psychology was taught for many years but sky rocketed in the 20th-century with a new theoretical perspective, known as behaviorism also bought new insight to psychologist and how certain environmental stimulus can shape behavior and illicit responses in human and non human development, through direct or indirect reinforcements. In the mean time leaving behind the conscious and unconscious mind perspective and how it functions now hardly have any room in the behavioral science department. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant Conditioning and Superstition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another interesting fact, psychology had once lost its grip at one point and time but came back with a new twist, yet still using the basic principles of behavioral psychology that focusing only on the observable behaviors for the most part. Furthermore, behaviorism is an enormous subject that has covered a lot of behavioral perspectives through experiments conducted by earlier psychologists such as, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and continued for many decades after Skinners theoretical perspective of operant conditioning also recognizes that complex behaviors are not always completely formed but rather form out of simpler responses joined to mold behaviors (Cherry, 2013). Not to mention factors that led to the rise of operant conditioning and that is behavioral therapy, and behavioral change, starting with the social needs of people and implementation of behavioral laws to control abnormal behaviors along with ways to offer interventions for those ho need help to over come behaviors that are inappropriate and maladaptive is also why operant conditioning is highly recognized for its treatment. There are also factors to describe the principles and concepts that explain the process of operant conditioning that lead to the development and maintenance of superstitions. First superstitious is a behavior that is coincidentally combine or paired with the process of reinforcements such as, rewards or punishmen ts. These coincident that takes place unknowingly are coincident that rarely happens. In February, 2008, a friend and I visited a swim club, upon entering the club, my friend and I were walking across the parking and a penny was on ground faced up on tails so I picked it up and put it in my pocket. Immediately, my friend says to me youre going to have bad luck because I picked the penny up on tails and that is a sign of bad luck to occur. However, the following day my sister dies, I was totally astonished because all I could think of was that penny I picked up and how I put the penny inside my pocket and the very words of my girlfriend about how the penny was bad luck. I was totally torn apart. This irrational belief (superstitious) works by pairing the negative reinforcement (penny) with the negative behavior, which is the death of my sister. Because this was so unlikely to occur the superstitious (penny on tails) was paired with the negative outcome (sister death). Along the same lines, when the intervals time delays are distance apart it leave room for extinction to take effect immediately, therefore when coupling with the negative reinforcement including time delay (distance) of never like to happen then the negative behavior superstitious is more likely to occur (Staddon Simmelhag, 1971). The reasons why superstitious beliefs are so deeply ingrained and long-standing in nature because the strength of the reinforcements that supersedes over time delay outcomes, regardless of never happening before is superstitious. Basically if we are reinforced randomly for rewards or punishment unknowingly and the reinforcement is strong than automatically something is very suspicious about the reward or punishment in its very own nature and becomes a superstitious belief. Finally, after interviewing my aunt on superstitious beliefs she informs me that there are many superstitious folks lore she was aware of when she was growing up. One superstitious beliefs she recalls is to never walk under a ladder because it is the devils playground; such as, when she were a little girl her and her best friend were making mud pies, while visiting her grandmother. At her grandmothers house she and her best friend played on the front porch with a ladder hanging overtop of their head and she said her grandmother came outside on the porch and said to them child you and your friend should come up from under that ladder hanging over your heads you both will find yourself in a lot of mischief before the day is out and bring you nothing but bad luck. Later on during that day she recalls both her and her best friend getting in all sorts of trouble resulting in both getting yelled at and even worse receiving a spanking. Wow! What a coincident. Interestingly, the information fit exactly how operant conditioning process occurs because of the pairing of the reinforcement along with time delay of intervals of the unlikely outcome is exactly how Skinner describe in his classic pigeon experiments about superstitious and the extinction process (McLeod, 2007). Therefore, reinforcement compared with any behavior resulting in unfortunate circumstances or good fortune, although there is a negative non contingency upon the response made was unknown from the environment. One method that will perhaps resolve someone to overcome superstitious behavior is to extinguish it by not allowing the superstitious behavior to be paired with a positive or negative reinforcement whenever unlikely events take place good or bad and if you continue with this method until the association is gone than you can put and end to the superstitious belief theory (Staddon Simmelhag 1997). In conclusion, behaviorism is well-known for explaining how we best learn because we are always learning new behaviors.